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Sixth major release of Bone 10

Mac OS X 10.v Leopard
A version of the macOS operating system
OSXLeopard.svg
Leopard Desktop.png

Screenshot of Mac Bone 10 Leopard. Note how the Dock and window designs are different from previous versions of Mac OS 10.

Developer Apple Inc.
OS family
  • Macintosh
  • Unix[i]
Source model Closed, with open up source components
Released to
manufacturing
October 26, 2007; 14 years agone  (2007-x-26) [2]
Latest release ten.5.8 (Build 9L31a)[3] / Baronial 13, 2009; 12 years agone  (2009-08-13) [4]
Update method Apple tree Software Update
Platforms IA-32, x86-64, PowerPC
Kernel blazon Hybrid (XNU)
License Commercial proprietary software[5] with Apple Public Source License (APSL)
Preceded by Mac Os X ten.four Tiger
Succeeded by Mac OS Ten 10.vi Snow Leopard
Official website Apple - Mac Bone X Leopard at the Wayback Machine (archived May 28, 2009)
Back up status
Unsupported as of near June 23, 2011, Safari support and iTunes support terminated as of 2012 as well.[half dozen] [vii]

Mac OS X Leopard (version 10.5) is the 6th major release of macOS, Apple's desktop and server operating organisation for Macintosh computers. Leopard was released on October 26, 2007 every bit the successor of Mac Os X 10.four Tiger, and is available in 2 editions: a desktop version suitable for personal computers, and a server version, Mac OS X Server. It retailed for $129[2] for the desktop version and $499 for Server.[8] Leopard was superseded by Snow Leopard (version 10.6) in 2009. Leopard is the final version of macOS to support the PowerPC architecture as Snow Leopard functions solely on Intel based Macs.

According to Apple, Leopard contains over 300 changes and enhancements compared to its predecessor, Mac Bone X Tiger,[9] covering core operating organisation components likewise every bit included applications and programmer tools. Leopard introduces a significantly revised desktop, with a redesigned Dock, Stacks, a semitransparent bill of fare bar, and an updated Finder that incorporates the Cover Menstruum visual navigation interface outset seen in iTunes. Other notable features include support for writing 64-bit graphical user interface applications, an automated backup utility chosen Time Machine, back up for Spotlight searches beyond multiple machines, and the inclusion of Front Row and Photo Booth, which were previously included with only some Mac models.

Apple missed Leopard's release time frame as originally announced by Apple tree'southward CEO Steve Jobs. When first discussed in June 2005, Jobs had stated that Apple intended to release Leopard at the end of 2006 or early 2007.[x] A year later, this was amended to Leap 2007;[11] however, on Apr 12, 2007, Apple tree issued a statement that its release would exist delayed until October 2007 because of the development of the iPhone.[12]

New and changed features [edit]

End-user features [edit]

Apple advertised that Mac OS X Leopard has 300+ new features,[ix] including:

  • A new and improved Automator, with easy starting points to easily start a workflow. It as well can chop-chop create or edit workflows with new interface improvements. Now it tin can use a new action called "Watch Me Do" that lets you lot record a user action (similar pressing a button or controlling an application without built-in Automator support) and replay as an activeness in a workflow. It can create more useful Automator workflows with actions for RSS feeds, iSight camera video snapshots, PDF manipulation, and much more.
  • Dorsum to My Mac, a characteristic for MobileMe users that allows users to access files on their home figurer while away from home via the internet.
  • Boot Army camp, a software assistant allowing for the installation of other operating systems, such equally Windows XP (SP2 or later) or Windows Vista, on a split up sectionalisation (or separate internal drive) on Intel-based Macs.
  • Dashboard enhancements, including Web Clip, a feature that allows users to turn a part of any Web page displayed in Safari into a live Dashboard widget, and Dashcode to help developers code widgets.[13]
  • New Desktop, comprises a redesigned 3-D dock with a new grouping feature chosen Stacks, which displays files in either a "fan" style, "grid" manner, or (since 10.5.2) a "listing" style. Rory Prior, on the ThinkMac weblog, criticized the shelf-similar Dock along with a number of other changes to the user interface.[14]
  • Dictionary can at present search Wikipedia, and a dictionary of Apple terminology too. Also included is the Japanese-linguistic communication lexicon Daijisen, Progressive E-J and Progressive J-Eastward dictionaries, and the 25,000-word thesaurus Tsukaikata no Wakaru Ruigo Reikai Jiten ( 使い方の分かる類語例解辞典 ), all of which are provided by the Japanese publisher Shogakukan.[15] [nine]
  • A redesigned Finder, with features similar to those seen in iTunes 7, including Cover Menses and a Source listing-like sidebar.
  • Front Row has been reworked to closely resemble the interface of the original Apple TV.
  • iCal calendar sharing and group scheduling too as syncing event invitations from Postal service.[16] The icon too reflects the current date even when the awarding is not running. In previous versions of Mac OS 10, the icon would show July 17 in the icon any time the application was not running only the current date when the application was running.
  • iChat enhancements, including multiple logins, invisibility, animated icons, and tabbed chats, similar to features present in Pidgin, Adium and the iChat plugin Chax; iChat Theater, allowing users to incorporate images from iPhoto, presentations from Keynote, videos from QuickTime, and other Quick Await features into video chats; and Backdrops, which are like to chroma keys, but apply a real-fourth dimension difference matte technique which does not crave a green or blue screen. iChat also implements screen sharing, a feature previously available with Apple Remote Desktop.[11] [17] [18]
  • Post enhancements including the additions of RSS feeds, Stationery, Notes, and to-dos. To-dos use a organisation-wide service that is bachelor to all applications.[19]
  • Network file sharing improvements include more granular control over permissions, consolidation of AFP, FTP and SMB sharing into one control console, and the power to share individual folders, a feature that had non been available since Mac Bone 9.[20]
  • Parental controls now include the ability to place restrictions on use of the Internet and to prepare parental controls from anywhere using remote setup.[21]
  • Photo Berth enhancements, including video recording with real-time filters and blue/green-screen applied science.
  • Podcast Capture, an application allowing users to record and distribute podcasts. It requires admission to a estimator running Mac Os X Server with Podcast Producer.
  • Preview adds support for annotation, graphics, extraction, search, markup, Instant Alpha and size adjustment tools.[22]
  • Quick Wait, a framework allowing documents to exist viewed without opening them in an external awarding and can preview it in full screen.[23] Plug-ins are available for Quick Await so that you can also view other files, such every bit Installer Packages.

  • Safari 3, which includes Web Clip.
  • Spaces, an implementation of virtual desktops (individually called "Spaces"), allows multiple desktops per user, with certain applications and windows in each desktop.[24] Users tin can organize sure Spaces for certain applications (e.one thousand., 1 for work-related tasks and ane for entertainment) and switch betwixt them. Exposé works inside Spaces, allowing the user to encounter at a glance all desktops on one screen.[25]) Users tin can create and control up to 16 spaces, and applications can be switched between each ane, creating a very large workspace. The auto-switching feature in Spaces has bellyaching some of its users. Apple tree added a new preference in x.5.ii which disabled this feature, but there were nevertheless bugs establish while switching windows. In 10.v.three, this problem was addressed and was no longer an result.[26]
  • Spotlight incorporates additional search capabilities such as Boolean operators, too every bit the ability to search other computers (with appropriate permissions).[27]
  • Time Machine, an automated fill-in utility which allows the user to restore files that have been deleted or replaced by another version of a file.[28] Though more often than not lauded in the press as a pace forward for data recovery, Time Machine has been criticized in multiple publications for lacking the capabilities of tertiary-party backup software. Analyzing the feature for TidBITS, Joe Kissell pointed out that Time Machine does not create bootable copies of backed-upwardly volumes, does not dorsum up to AirPort Disk hard drives and volition non dorsum upwards FileVault encrypted dwelling house directories until the user logs out, concluding that the feature is "pretty skillful at what information technology does" but he will only use it as function of a "broader backup strategy".[29] [30] [31] One of these problems has been resolved, however; On March 19, 2008, updates were released for Airdrome and Time Car, allowing for Fourth dimension Machine to use a USB difficult disk which has been continued to an Aerodrome Extreme Base Station.[32]
  • Universal Access enhancements: meaning improvements to applications including VoiceOver, along with increased support for Braille, closed captioning and a new high‐quality Speech synthesis vocalisation.[33]
  • Many changes to the user interface, such as a transparent carte du jour bar, new icons, and a 3D Dock. Too as this, the Apple tree icon is now blackness instead of blue. R.L. Prior, on the ThinkMac blog, criticized a number of changes to Leopard'south user interface, including the transparent menu bar and the new folder icons.[14] Decreased transparency of the menu bar, along with the power to disable the menu bar transparency were added with the 10.v.two release on Feb eleven, 2008.[34]
  • Russian language support, bringing the full to 18 languages.[35]
  • Leopard removes support for Classic applications.[36]
  • Introduced the Alex phonation to VoiceOver.

Programmer technologies [edit]

  • Native support by many libraries and frameworks for 64-bit applications, allowing 64-flake Cocoa applications. Existing 32-bit applications using those libraries and frameworks should go on to run without the demand for emulation or translation.[37]
  • Leopard offers the Objective-C two.0 runtime, which includes new features such as garbage collection. Xcode 3.0 supports the updated language and was itself rewritten with it.[38]
  • A new framework, Core Animation, allows a developer to create complex animations while specifying only a "start" and a "goal" space. The main goal of Core Animation is to enable the creation of complex animations with modest amounts of programme code.
  • Apple integrates DTrace from the OpenSolaris project and adds a graphical interface called Instruments (previously Xray). DTrace provides tools that users, administrators and developers tin employ to tune the performance of the operating organization and the applications that run on it.[39]
  • The new Scripting Span allows programmers to utilise Python 2.five and Ruby i.8.six to interface with the Cocoa frameworks.[40]
  • Ruby on Rails is included in the default install.
  • Leopard's OpenGL stack has been updated to version 2.i, and uses LLVM to increment its vertex processing speed.[41] Apple has been working to get LLVM integrated into GCC;[42] LLVM's employ within other operating system facilities has non been announced.
  • The Graphics and Media State of the Union address confirmed many other features are possible because of Core Animation, such as alive desktops, improvements to Quartz Composer with custom patches, a new PDF Kit for developers, and improvements to QuickTime APIs.
  • The FSEvents framework allows applications to register for notifications of changes to a given directory tree.[43]
  • Leopard includes a read-only implementation of the ZFS file organization.
In mid-December 2006, a pre-release version of Leopard appeared to include back up for Dominicus's ZFS.[44] Jonathan Schwartz, CEO and President of Sun Microsystems, boasted on June 6, 2007, that ZFS had become "the file system" for Leopard.[45] Still, the senior project marketing director for Mac OS 10 stated on June 11, 2007, that the existing HFS+, non ZFS, would exist used in Leopard. Apple tree later clarified that a read-merely version of ZFS would be included.[46]
  • Leopard includes drivers for UDF two.five, necessary for reading HD DVD and Blu-ray discs using third-party drives, but the included DVD Player software can only play Hard disk drive DVDs authored by DVD Studio Pro.[47]
  • Leopard includes a framework implementing latent semantic mapping for classifying (due east.1000. textual) data.
  • Leopard is the starting time operating system with open source BSD lawmaking to be certified as fully UNIX-compliant.[48] [49] Certification means that software following the Single UNIX Specification can be compiled and run on Leopard without the need for any code modification.[40] The certification only applies to Leopard when run on Intel processors.[49]
  • Leopard includes J2SE 5.0.[50]

Security enhancements [edit]

New security features intend to provide improve internal resiliency to successful attacks, in add-on to preventing attacks from being successful in the offset identify.

Library Randomization
Leopard implements library randomization,[ix] which randomizes the locations of some libraries in retentiveness. Vulnerabilities that decadent program memory often rely on known addresses for these library routines, which allow injected code to launch processes or change files. Library randomization is presumably a stepping-stone to a more consummate implementation of address space layout randomization at a afterwards date.
Application Layer Firewall
Leopard ships with two firewall engines: the original BSD IPFW, which was present in earlier releases of Mac Os X, and the new Leopard Application Layer Firewall. Unlike IPFW, which intercepts and filters IP datagrams before the kernel performs significant processing, the Awarding Layer Firewall operates at the socket layer, bound to individual processes. The Awarding Layer Firewall can therefore brand filtering decisions on a per-application basis. Of the two firewall engines, only the Application Layer Firewall is fully exposed in the Leopard user interface. The new firewall offers less command over individual packet decisions (users can decide to allow or deny connections system-broad or to individual applications, but must use IPFW to set fine-grained TCP/IP header-level policies). It likewise makes several policy exceptions for system processes: neither mDNSResponder nor programs running with superuser privileges are filtered.[51]
Sandboxes
Leopard includes kernel-level support for role-based access command (RBAC). RBAC is intended to forbid, for example, an awarding like Mail from editing the countersign database.
Application Signing
Leopard provides a framework to use public central signatures for code signing to verify, in some circumstances, that code has not been tampered with. Signatures tin too be used to ensure that ane program replacing some other is truly an "update", and conduct whatsoever special security privileges across to the new version. This reduces the number of user security prompts, and the likelihood of the user being trained to simply clicking "OK" to everything.
Secure Guest Account
Guests tin be given admission to a Leopard system with an account that the system erases and resets at logout.[52]

Security features in Leopard have been criticized every bit weak or ineffective, with the publisher Heise Security documenting that the Leopard installer downgraded firewall protection and exposed services to assail even when the firewall was re-enabled.[53] [54] Several researchers noted that the Library Randomization feature added to Leopard was ineffective compared to mature implementations on other platforms, and that the new "secure Guest account" could be abused past Guests to retain access to the system even afterward the Leopard log out process erased their abode directory.[55] [56]

System requirements [edit]

Apple states the post-obit basic Leopard system requirements, although, for some specific applications and features (such every bit iChat backdrops) an Intel processor is required:[57]

  • Processor: any Intel processor, or PowerPC G5 or G4 (867 MHz and faster) processor
  • Optical drive: internal or external DVD drive (for installation of the operating system)
  • Retention: minimum 512 MB of RAM (additional RAM (1 GB) is recommended for development purposes)
  • Hard bulldoze capacity: Minimum 9 GB of deejay space bachelor.

Leopard's retail version was non released in carve up versions for each blazon of processor, but instead consisted of i universal release that could run on both PowerPC and Intel processors.[37] All the same, the install discs that ship with Intel-based Macs only contain Intel binaries.[ citation needed ]

Processor type and speed are checked during installation and installation halted if insufficient; even so, Leopard volition run on slower G4 processor machines (e.grand., a 733 MHz Quicksilver) if the installation is performed on a supported Mac and its hard drive and so moved to a slower/unsupported one (the drive may either be an internal mechanism or a Firewire external).[ citation needed ]

Supported machines [edit]

Leopard can run on the later flat-console iMac G4s, the iMac G5, iMac Intel Cadre Duo and iMac Intel Core 2 Duo, PowerBook G4, Power Mac G4, Power Mac G5, iBook G4, MacBook, MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, Mac Pro, Mac Mini, Xserve, Xserve G5, Xserve RAID, Macintosh Server G4, and afterward eMac models. Leopard can run on older hardware equally long as they have a G4 upgrade installed running at the 867 MHz or faster, take at least nine GB free of difficult bulldoze space, 512 MB RAM and have a DVD drive. Leopard however volition not run on the 900 MHz iBook G3 models fifty-fifty though they exceed the minimum 867 MHz requirement. This is due to the lack of AltiVec support in the G3 line of processors. Leopard can be "hacked" (see beneath) to install on these G3 and pre-867 MHz G4 machines but the arrangement may behave erratically and many of the programs, features, and functions may non work properly or at all. As of mid-2010, some Apple computers have firmware manufacturing plant installed which volition no longer let installation of Mac Bone Ten Leopard. These computers but let installation of Mac Bone X Snowfall Leopard.[ commendation needed ] Yet, some computers (such as the 2011 model of the Mac mini) can have Leopard installed on them without hacking.[ citation needed ]

Usage on unsupported hardware [edit]

Some ways of running Leopard on certain unsupported hardware, primarily PowerPC G4 computers with CPU speeds lower than the official requirement of 867 MHz, accept been discovered. A common way is use of the program LeopardAssist, which is a bootloader like in some respects to XPostFacto (used for installing earlier releases of Mac OS Ten on unsupported G3 and pre-G3 Macs) that uses the Mac'southward Open Firmware to tell Leopard that the machine does have a CPU coming together the 867 MHz minimum requirement that the Installer checks for before installation is allowed to embark, when in reality the CPU is slower.[58] Currently, LeopardAssist just runs on slower G4s and many people have installed Leopard successfully on these older machines.

Users who have admission to supported hardware take installed Leopard on the supported machine then but moved the hard drive to the unsupported machine. Alternatively, the Leopard Installation DVD was booted on a supported Mac, then installed on an unsupported Mac via Firewire Target Disk Mode. Leopard is only compiled for AltiVec-enabled PowerPC processors (G4 and G5) though, also equally Intel, so both of these methods will but work on Macs with G4 or later CPUs. While some of the earlier beta releases were made to run on some afterward G3 machines (generally later 800–900 MHz iBooks), no success with the retail version has been officially reported on G3 Macs except for some afterward iMacs and "Pismo" PowerBook G3s with G4 processor upgrades installed.

For a number of months afterwards Leopard'southward release it appeared that the only G3 Macs on which Leopard could be run were those with both an aftermarket G4 processor and an AGP graphics carte, as failures with the OS partially booting earlier crashing were reported on older Macs such every bit the original tray-loading iMacs and the Beige and Blue & White Ability Mac G3 (all with G4 upgrades as Leopard will not fifty-fifty brainstorm to load without one) whereas information technology would kicking fine on newer Macs where the Installer restriction had been circumvented. Nonetheless, more recently it has been reported[59] [60] that with some more work and use of kernel extensions from XPostFacto, Tiger and beta builds of Leopard, the Bone can be made to run on G4-upgraded Macs as one-time equally the Power Macintosh 9500, despite the lack of AGP-based graphics. While Leopard can be run on any Mac with a G4 or later on processor, some functionality such every bit Front Row or Time Machine fails to piece of work without a Quartz Extreme-capable graphics card, which many of the earlier G4s did non include in their mill specification.

Since Apple tree moved to using Intel processors in their computers, the OSx86 community has developed and now likewise allows Mac OS X Tiger and later releases to be installed and run successfully on non-Apple x86-based computers, albeit in violation of Apple's licensing agreement for Mac OS 10.

Packaging [edit]

The retail packaging for Leopard is significantly smaller than that of previous versions of Mac OS X (although later copies of Tiger likewise came in the new smaller box). It too includes a lenticular embrace, making the 10 appear to float to a higher place a purple galaxy, somewhat resembling the default Leopard desktop wallpaper.[61]

Release history [edit]

Version Build Date Darwin version Notes Download
x.5 9A581 Oct 26, 2007 9.0
xnu-1228~1
Original retail DVD release Northward/A
10.5.one 9B18 Nov 15, 2007 9.1
xnu-1228.0.ii~1
Almost the Mac Os X 10.5.i Update; Second retail DVD release Mac OS X 10.5.1 Update
9B2117 Dec xiv, 2007 9.1.1 Forked build for Early 2008 Mac Pro and Xserve
x.5.ii 9C31 Feb 11, 2008 ix.ii
xnu-1228.3.xiii~1
Virtually the Mac Os X 10.five.2 Update Mac Os X 10.5.2 Combo Update
9C7010 9.2
10.5.3 9D34 May 28, 2008 9.iii
xnu-1228.5.xviii~ane
About the Mac OS X 10.v.3 Update Mac Os X 10.v.three Update

Mac OS X 10.5.3 Combo Update

10.5.4 9E17 June thirty, 2008 9.iv
xnu-1228.v.20~i
Near the Mac OS X 10.5.four update; Third retail DVD release Mac OS X 10.five.4 Update

Mac OS X 10.5.4 Philharmonic Update

10.v.5 9F33 September 15, 2008 9.5
1228.seven.58~one
About the Mac OS X 10.5.5 Update Mac Bone X 10.5.5 Update

Mac OS Ten 10.5.5 Combo Update

10.5.half-dozen 9G55 Dec xv, 2008 9.half dozen About the Mac OS Ten 10.5.6 Update Mac Os X 10.5.6 Update

Mac OS X 10.five.half-dozen Combo Update

9G66 January 6, 2009 Fourth retail DVD release (function of Mac Box Set) N/A
9G71 Due north/A 9.6
xnu-1228.ix.59~1
Due north/A
10.5.7 9J61 May 12, 2009 9.7
xnu-1228.12.14~1
Most the Mac Os 10 10.v.7 Update Mac Os X ten.5.7 Update

Mac OS X ten.5.7 Combo Update

10.5.8 9L30 August 5, 2009 9.8 About the Mac Os X 10.5.8 Update Mac Bone X x.5.8 Update

Mac OS X ten.5.eight Combo Update

9L34 Baronial 31, 2009 9.8
xnu-1228.fifteen.iv~1
Mac OS X Server 10.5.eight Update v.1.1 North/A

Compatibility [edit]

After Leopard'south release, there were widely reported incidents of new Leopard installs hanging during boot on the blueish screen that appears only before the login process starts.[62] Apple attributed these problems to an outdated version of an unsupported add-on extension chosen Application Enhancer (APE), from Unsanity which had been incompatible with Leopard. Some users were unaware that APE had been silently installed during installation of Logitech mouse drivers. However, simply the users who did non have the latest version of APE installed (2.0.3 at that time) were afflicted.[63] Apple published a cognition base article on how to solve this problem.[64]

Google announced that the Chrome browser will be dropping support for Leopard starting with Chrome 21. By that time Chrome volition no longer machine-update, and new Chrome installations are not allowed. Their rationale for removal of support is that Leopard is an "OS X version also no longer existence updated by Apple."[65]

Firefox also dropped support for Leopard later on it shipped Firefox 16 in October 2012.[66] TenFourFox is a port of Firefox for the PPC architecture, released afterward Firefox dropped support for Leopard.

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External links [edit]

  • 2006 WWDC keynote presentation at Apple.com
  • 2007 WWDC keynote presentation at Apple tree.com
  • Mac OS X Leopard review at Ars Technica

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard

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